北京十三陵导游词【汇编9篇】

北京十三陵导游词(精选9篇)

北京十三陵导游词 篇1

Now you have come to Changping District, the outer suburb of Beijing. Whatyou are about to enter is the Ming Tombs scenic area. During this time, I willexplain the historical background and explanation of the Ming Tombs.

Zhu Di, the emperor of Yongle in Ming Dynasty, sent some geomantic warlocksto Beijing in 1407 to choose "auspicious soil", which is actually auspiciousland to build a mausoleum. At that time, these people looked for many places,but they were not successful. At first, they chose tujiaying, which was not intheir mouth. However, the emperor's surname was Zhu, who had the samepronunciation as pig, and made a taboo. Then I chose Yangshan mountain in thesouthwest of Changping, but there is a village called "langkouyu" behind it.Isn't that more dangerous? Later I chose Yanjiatai in the west of Beijing, whichhas the same pronunciation as "Yanjia", which is very unlucky. Finally, it wasnot until the seventh year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty that the present Tianshoumausoleum area was selected. There are Mangshan, Huyu, Longshan and Tianshoumountains around it. This is exactly the location of the four gods in the YinYang and five elements, that is, the East Green Dragon, the west white tiger,the South rosefinch, the North Xuanwu, and the Wenyu River. It is really ageomantic treasure land. From this we can see how much energy it took for theemperor to build a mausoleum for himself.

After that, the construction of Changling began, and it was finallycompleted after four years. The emperors of Ming dynasty built mausoleums hereone after another. Moreover, from the construction of Changling in 1409 to theend of Ming Dynasty in 1644, the construction of Ming Tombs never stopped. Inthis area of 40 square kilometers, 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines andprinces of the Ming Dynasty were buried. However, it did not survive completely.After the Qing soldiers entered the pass, in order to revenge the Jin people,they destroyed the ancestral Tomb of the Qing Taizu, so they burned it here.

Later, in the 50th year of Qianlong, in order to win over the Han people,they ordered to repair the mausoleum area. After the founding of the people'sRepublic of China, large-scale development was carried out here, and theChangling, Dingling and Zhaoling tombs were opened, among which the undergroundpalace of Dingling has been excavated. Now it has become a key scenic spot inChina, and is the most well preserved tomb group with the largest number ofemperors buried in the world.

Now you may be thinking: isn't there sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty?Why are there only thirteen emperors' mausoleums here? In fact, the reason isvery simple. Because Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built hiscapital in Nanjing, his mausoleum is in Nanjing, that is, Ming Xiaoling; Jianwenemperor, the second emperor of Ming Dynasty, was seized the throne by Zhu Di,and his remains are unknown, so there is no mausoleum here; At the time ofYingzong, the seventh emperor of Ming Dynasty, he was once encouraged by WangZhen, a eunuch, to lead the army to fight personally. Later, he was captured bythe Wasi army at Tu Tu fort in Huailai, Hebei Province. This event is called"the change of Tu". A country can't be without a monarch, so his brother wascanonized as emperor Jingtai. Later, Yingzong's "change of seizing the throne"was staged, so there was no Jingtai in the Ming Tombs Emperor's mausoleum, hewas buried in the western suburbs of jinshankou as a prince. In this way,everyone must understand why it is called the Ming Tombs.

Now you can see this stone archway along the way, which is the symbol ofthe mausoleum area. It was made during the Jiajing period. The archway is 5rooms, 6 columns and 11 floors. It is 14 meters high and 28.86 meters wide. Itis the largest and most exquisite stone archway preserved in China. The patternsand decorations on it are also cloud dragon patterns, reflecting thecharacteristics of royal architecture.

Dagongmen is the main gate of the mausoleum area, also known as dahongmen.The gate is southward and has three holes. Inside the gate is the mausoleumarea. On both sides of the gate are inscriptions of "officials waiting todismount here", because at that time, it was stipulated that these people had towalk into the mausoleum area, otherwise they would be punished. Moreover, thisis also a forbidden area. It's not a place where ordinary people can enter atwill. The serious problem is that they have to be beheaded. When you enter thisgate, you will enter the Shinto that runs through the north and south of themausoleum and directly leads to the gate of Changling mausoleum. The Shinto ofthe Ming Dynasty is also the longest in the imperial mausoleum built in China.In fact, its main function is to let the emperor's soul pass through, with atotal length of 7 kilometers.

As we walk, we can see a stele Pavilion in front of us. This pavilion is abuilding with double eaves on the top of Xieshan mountain. Inside it is a hugetablet carrying a heavy burden. This is the tablet of praising virtue, a divineskill of Changling. It was officially established in 1435. On the front is thetablet of praising virtue written by Zhu gaochi, the eldest son of EmperorYongle, with more than 3000 words. On the back is the thirty rhymes of AI Mingmausoleum written in the 50th year of Qianlong, which records the damage of themausoleum in detail. On the east side of the monument is the cost of the Qinggovernment to repair the mausoleum, and on the west side is the reason for thecollapse of the Ming Dynasty in the ninth year of Jiaqing.

After the stele Pavilion, we continue to walk along the Shinto road. Wewill find that there are many stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto road.In fact, there are 36 stone carvings here, which are called stone carvings. Nextto the pavilion is two stone columns. Next, lions, elephants, camels, elephants,Kirin and horses. Each has four _, arranged in a sequence of lying down andstanding. Then there were four military officials, four civil officials and fourmeritorious officials. These buildings were built to reflect the emperor's honorguard before his death and his dignity after his death. So the volume is verylarge and the carving is very fine. And these also symbolize that the emperorcan be respected in his life, and also in his death. All the sacred, civil andmilitary officials should be respected for me.

Further on, you can see a Lingxing gate, also known as Longfeng gate, whichmeans Tianmen. In the middle of the three doors and six pillars, there are threeflame pearls, so it is also called flame archway.

In fact, we have been marching along the Shinto all the time. Let's review,first the stone archway, then the grand palace gate. Now we are going to enterChangling. Stele Pavilion, stone elephant life, after the dragon and Phoenixgate, there is still a long way to reach the Changling mausoleum gate. In fact,the central axis of the whole mausoleum group is the Shinto, which runs throughthe north and south of the mausoleum, with a total length of 7 kilometers.

As for the Changling mausoleum, it is the first mausoleum among the MingTombs. It was built in 1409 and completed in 1416. It is the joint Tomb ofEmperor Zhu Di and empress Xu of Yongle, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Diwas the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. When ZhuYuanzhang died, Zhu Di sent troops from Beiping to capture Nanjing in the nameof Jingnan, and won the throne from Zhu Yunwen, the emperor at that time, andchanged his name to Yongle. This event was called the battle of Jingnan inhistory.

Zhu Di was a great emperor. After he became emperor, he still fought foryears in order to consolidate the rule of Ming Dynasty, and made a majordecision to move the capital to Beijing in 1420. During the Ming Dynasty underhis rule, the National Treasury was abundant and the political situation wasstable. He also ordered people to write Yongle Dadian, the largest book inChinese history. He sent Zheng He to the West seven times and developed friendlyrelations among countries. His wife, empress Xu Da, the daughter of Xu Da, thefounder of the Ming Dynasty, is also a woman with Chinese classical beauty. Sheonce wrote "neixun" and "Quanshan" to cultivate people's minds. She died afterfive years of illness. It is worth mentioning that the first person buried inChangling was not Zhu Di, but empress Xu. Changling covers an area of 10hectares. Its central axis consists of Lingen gate, Lingen hall, minglou,Baocheng and Baoding. There are three entrances to the mausoleum. The firstentrance is from the gate of the mausoleum to the gate of the mausoleum. You cansee a small stele Pavilion on both sides of the mausoleum. However, there wereno words on it at that time. Now the words are written by Emperor Shunzhi of theQing Dynasty.

Lingen hall is located in the second courtyard of the mausoleum. It wasbuilt in 1412 in the 14th year of Yongle of Ming Dynasty. It is the place wherememorial tablets and sacrificial activities are held. It is nine rooms wide andfive rooms deep. It is a building with double eaves and veranda. There are 60nanmu pillars in the hall, and the diameter of the four pillars in the middle ismore than one meter. It is the best nanmu hall in China. There was originally alarge Buddhist niche in Lingen hall, but now it is no longer there. Instead,there is a sitting statue of Emperor Yongle made by later generations. You cantake a look around the back of the statue. You can see that there is a dragoncarved on the back of the chair, and the dragon head is facing the head ofEmperor Wanli, which indicates that the emperor is the real dragon emperor. Allaround are exhibitions of unearthed cultural relics.

Behind the middle hall is the back hall. It is the largest hall in theunderground palace. It is 9.5 meters tall, 31 meters long and 9.1 meters wide.The ground is paved with polished mottled stones. In the back hall, there is acoffin bed with white stone edge. There is a long square hole in the center, andthe middle is filled with loess, which is the first shovel of loess whenchoosing the tomb. It is called Jinjing, which is the basic point of thearchitectural pattern of the whole mausoleum. Jade burial refers to placing jadearound and inside the coffin or in the mouth of the dead. The reason for this isthat the ancients believed that Jinjing could communicate with Yin and Yang andexchange life, while jade burial could keep the corpse from rotting. Jinjingjade burial was the highest level funeral in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Of course,these are the ideals of the ancients, without any scientific basis. On thecoffin bed are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and two empresses, as well as 26wooden boxes for funerary objects.

According to the rules of the emperor's mausoleum, the back hall is onlyused to place the emperor's coffins. Why do the two empresses' coffins alsoappear here? This phenomenon is not clearly recorded in the historicalmaterials, but according to experts' speculation: in the 48th year of Wanli,first empress Xiaoduan died, then Emperor Wanli died in July, and his son ZhuChangluo died 29 days after he ascended the throne In the case of Hongwan, twoemperors, a queen and empress Xiaojing were killed in this short hundred days,and they had to be moved and buried. Such a huge task was put on the Emperor ZhuYouxiao who had just ascended the throne, so the preparations were veryhasty.

Moreover, it was the rainy season at that time, so it was not convenient toopen the Queen's side hall, so the coffins of the emperor and queen enteredthrough the main door. But when I got to the underground palace, I found thatthe corridor of the side hall was too narrow for the Queen's coffin to enter, soI had to put them into the back hall. Now you can understand what the decorationof the coffin in the underground palace is like. Well, now please follow me outof the underground palace.

With the end of the visit to the Ming Tombs, our trip to the Ming Tombs iscoming to an end. I believe everyone will sigh for this huge imperial mausoleumgroup. With the continuous development of cultural relics protection in China,the state has invested a lot of money to repair the Ming Tombs, and this grandImperial Mausoleum will be preserved forever. At the same time, I also hope youcan leave a good impression on this place. You are welcome to visit again nexttime.

北京十三陵导游词 篇2

各位旅客朋友们:

大家好!

现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区,那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间,我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。 明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”,其实就是吉祥的土地,准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方,但是都不成功,开始他们选在了口外的屠家营,可是皇帝姓朱,与猪同音,犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下,可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”,这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”,有与“宴驾”同音,太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年,才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区,在周围有蟒山,虎峪,龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置,就是东青龙,西白虎,南朱雀,北玄武,还有温榆河经过这里,真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后,就开始修建了长陵,经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝,也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡,这200多年间,明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围,埋葬了明代十三位皇帝,二十三位皇后,还有许多的妃子,太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来,在清兵入关以后,为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉,所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候,为了笼络汉人,就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后,对这里进行了大规模的开发,并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵,其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区,是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想:明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单,明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京,所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦,也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝,因为被朱棣夺取了皇位,尸骨下落不明,所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候,他曾经被宦官王振怂恿,率军亲征,后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏,这个事件称为“土木之变”,一国不能无君,所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝,而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”,所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓,他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来,大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。

北京十三陵导游词 篇3

现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区,那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间,我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。

明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”,其实就是吉祥的土地,准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方,但是都不成功,开始他们选在了口外的屠家营,可是皇帝姓朱,与猪同音,犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下,可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”,这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”,有与“宴驾”同音,太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年,才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区,在周围有蟒山,虎峪,龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置,就是东青龙,西白虎,南朱雀,北玄武,还有温榆河经过这里,真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后,就开始修建了长陵,经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝,也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡,这200多年间,明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围,埋葬了明代十三位皇帝,二十三位皇后,还有许多的妃子,太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来,在清兵入关以后,为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉,所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候,为了笼络汉人,就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后,对这里进行了大规模的开发,并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵,其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区,是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想:明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单,明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京,所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦,也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝,因为被朱棣夺取了皇位,尸骨下落不明,所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候,他曾经被宦官王振怂恿,率军亲征,后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏,这个事件称为“土木之变”,一国不能无君,所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝,而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”,所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓,他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来,大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。

现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊,就是陵区的标志,是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼,高有14米,宽达到了28.86米,是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊,上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案,反映了皇家建筑的特点。

大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿,也叫大红门。门是南向的,分三洞,在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“官员人等至此下马”的下马碑,因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行,否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区,不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方,严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿,也就走进了贯穿陵园南北,能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道,明朝的神道,也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的,其实他的主要作用就是让皇帝灵魂通过的地方,全长有7公里。

我们一边走着,就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑,里边有赑屃驮着巨碑,这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑,正式建立于1435年,正面就是永乐皇帝的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文,有3000多字,而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》,里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清政府修缮陵墓的花费,西侧则是在嘉庆九年论述明王朝灭亡的原因。

再往前走,就可以看到一座棂星门,也叫龙凤门,取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上,有三个火焰宝珠,所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。

我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的,来回顾一下,先是石牌坊,然后到了大宫门,现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭,石象生,过了龙凤门,还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北,全长共7公里的神道。

说到长陵,它是明十三陵中的第一座陵,始建于1420xx年,在1420xx年全部建成,是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子,当朱元璋死后,朱棣就以靖难为名,从北平发兵攻下南京,并且从当时的皇帝朱允文手中夺得了皇位,改年号为永乐,这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝,当了皇帝以后仍然为了巩固明朝的统治而连年征战,并且在1420xx年做出了迁都北京的重大决定。在他所统治的明朝年间,国库充实,政局稳定,而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书,派郑和七下西洋,发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后,也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有中国古典美的女性,她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心,在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣,而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷,中轴线由陵恩门,陵恩殿,明楼,宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院,第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门,可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭,但当时上面都没有文字,现在的文字是清顺治皇帝写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中,在1412,明永乐十四年建成,是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间,进深五间,是重檐庑殿顶的建筑,殿内有60根楠木柱,中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上,是国内最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛,现在已经没有了,取而代之的是后人制作的永乐皇帝坐像,大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下,可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙,而龙头则正对着万历皇帝的头部,这象征着皇帝是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。

咱们从殿后的门一出来,就到达了第三进院落,每座陵墓的标志——明楼就在这里。大家可以看到这里也有一个碑亭,石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵,因为皇帝姓朱,所以碑身也都是用的朱砂红色。

由于长陵的地宫没有发掘,所以我们在长陵的游览就先告一段落。不过大家不用着急,接下来我们将要去的定陵,就可以让大家参观到古代皇帝的地下宫殿了。

定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗万历朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖两位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊钧是明朝在位最久的皇帝,他的为人和永乐皇帝朱棣可以说成为了鲜明的对比。他非常贪婪懒惰,在他九岁即位的时候,由于有大臣张居正的辅佐,国家发展的还算比较稳定,可是后来张居正病逝,他便利用这个机会为自己选择了陵地,花费了800万两白银,用了六年时间,建了工程质量最好的定陵,而他居然因为陵寝修建的非常满意,而在地宫当中举行了盛大的宴会,真实一位让人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不仅如此,在他在位的48年当中,竟然有20xx年不理朝政,导致国家处于瘫痪状态。后人评论,其实明朝灭亡的命运,在万历皇帝朱翊钧时就已经成为定局了。他有两位皇后,其实在开始的时候孝靖皇后身份低下,可是与他有了一个男孩,就是后来的“一月天子”朱常洛,母以子贵,她就被封为贵妃。但是她比朱翊钧早死了九年,并没有葬在定陵里,直到后来追封她为太皇太后的时候,才与万历皇帝朱翊钧,孝端皇后共同葬入陵寝。朱翊钧的另一个皇后孝端与他没有孩子,在她去世后不到百日,朱翊钧也去世了,所以他们是同日葬入定陵的。

过了碑亭,我们所看到的两座高石台基就是定陵陵恩门和陵恩殿的遗址。这里原来也叫享殿,它是举行祭祀典礼的地方,当时面阔七间,清兵入关的时候曾经遭到破坏,到了乾隆年间,对这里进行了修复,但是后来又遭到了破坏。

在往前走,我们可以看到一个陈列室,这里陈列展出的都是定陵的出土文物,是在地宫挖掘之后兴建的。展室分为南北两个部分,南侧主要陈列地宫出土的万历皇帝的随葬品,北侧则是两位太后的随葬品,都非常精美,各位尽可以一饱眼福。

现在来到了明楼,它也是定陵陵墓的标志。明楼为石结构建筑,是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑,始终没有遭到破坏。在明楼黄色琉璃瓦顶上,镶有一块高大的石榜,刻有定陵二字,在明楼内的碑额上篆有大名二字,而碑身上则刻有神宗显皇帝之陵七个大字。它与宝城相连。宝城是一道用城砖垒起的圆形大墙,墙上有垛口,城墙高7.5米,上厚下薄,周长800米,在它围绕的中间有一个人工堆成的大土丘,其实就是皇陵的坟头,叫做宝顶。

咱们现在正从左侧的通道走入地宫。定陵地宫的挖掘工作是从1956年5月开始的,在1958年结束。最开始,工作人员是发现了宝城西南侧墙上露出了一处券门,于是就正对着券门开了第一条探沟,到了底部发现了用城砖砌成的隧道。在三个月以后,沿着隧道的方向在明楼西面开了第二条探沟,在这条探沟的挖掘过程中,碰到了刻有“此时至今刚墙前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑,从而得到了关于打开地宫的正确方向。工作人员沿着这个方向,又开了第三条探沟,最终找到了石隧道,并且发现了金刚墙,打开金刚墙,里边有一个方形的石券室,在西侧正中有两扇汉白玉的石门,从里边顶着“自来石”,而工作人员只用了铁丝和木板,不到五分钟,就将沉睡了337年的定陵地宫打开了。

地宫深度是27米,总面积达到了1195平方米,整个建筑的用料都是砖石,可以说是地下的无梁殿,礼制上是仿明堂的“九重法宫制”,分为前中后左右五个殿堂由七扇汉白玉门连接,最大的一扇高3.3米,宽1.7米,重达4吨,看上去很笨重,其实设计非常的合理。石门的重心偏向门轴,所以开关自如;门扇上横着设有防止倒塌的青铜扇管,重量大约是10吨;在门正面雕刻有乳状门钉和衔环铺首,背面与之相对应的地方有一个凸起的部分,关门以后,自来石就承托在这里。

在地宫前殿和左右两个配殿中没有任何的陈设。而现在到达的中殿高7.2米,宽6米,地面是金砖铺地,据记载,这种砖会越擦越亮的。殿中陈设有汉白玉石宝座,它的样式和皇帝生前宝座是一样的,在前边也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的宝座雕有凤头,而万历皇帝的宝座靠背和扶手都雕有龙头。原来宝座的陈列是呈品字形的,后来为了方便游人参观,才改变了陈设。在三个宝座之前,设有祭祀用具黄琉璃五供,包括一个香炉,两个烛台,和两个香瓶,和嘉靖年间的青花云龙大瓷缸,这个缸中原来是盛有香油,里边放有灯芯的,叫做长明灯,但是由于关门后地宫缺氧,所以这盏灯并没有长明。

在中殿后面的就是后殿,它是地宫中最大的一个殿,高大9.5米,长31米,宽9.1米,地面上铺设的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中设有白石镶边的棺床一座,中央有一个长型方孔,中间填的是黄土,也就是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土,叫做金井,它是整座陵寝建筑格局的基本点。在棺椁四周和棺椁内放有玉石,或者在死者口中含有玉石,称为玉葬。之所以这样,是因为古人认为金井可以沟通阴阳,交流生气,而玉葬能够保持尸体不腐烂。金井玉葬在明清两代是最高等级的葬礼。当然这些都是古人的理想而已,没有什么科学根据。在棺床的上安放有万历皇帝和两位皇后的棺椁,还有装随葬品的26个木箱。

随着参观定陵的活动结束,我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了,相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹,随着我国文物保护工作的不断开展,国家投入了大量的资金修缮明十三陵,这座规模宏大的帝王陵寝也将被永久的保存下去。同时,我也希望各位游客能对这里留下美好的印象,欢迎各位下次再来参观。

北京十三陵导游词 篇4

明十三陵位于北京市昌平区的天寿山脚下,这里埋葬着明朝13个皇帝,所以叫明十三陵。自永乐七年(1409)开始修建长陵,到清朝顺治初年建思陵,营建时间前后长达200年之久。明十三陵体系完成、规模宏大,是世界上保存最完成、埋葬皇帝较多帝王陵墓群。年明十三陵被教科文组织列入《世纪遗产名录》,成为中外游客到北京的必游之地。

明朝有十六帝,这里为什么只有十三陵呢?那是因为明朝有三个皇帝没有埋在这里,一个是开国皇帝朱元璋;一个是明朝第二皇帝朱允炆;还有一个是明朝景泰皇帝朱祁钰。明朝第一个在北京修建陵寝的是明朝第三个皇帝,明成祖朱棣。

明朝永乐五年(1407)七月,明成祖朱棣的皇后徐氏去世,朱棣命礼部尚书赵羾和江西术士廖钧卿在北京一带选址建陵。最后选中今天昌平区康家庄楼子营一带,作为陵址上报给皇上。朱棣亲自现场考察后,非常满意,封这里的山叫“天寿山”,选择“黄道吉日”开始动工修建陵寝。

从永乐七年到宣德二年(1409-1427),历时18年之久,陵寝才大功告成。徐皇后先入葬,然后是明成祖朱棣本人。朱棣生前把自己的陵墓命名为“长陵”,这就是十三陵的“首陵”。

长陵的后续装修工程并没有结束。明朝嘉靖年间,朱厚熜下旨修建了长陵的神道。大石牌楼,神道上的碑楼陆续建成。如此算来长陵最后建成历时130余年。这条长陵的神道,也随着明朝后续几位皇帝的陵寝依次完工,成为了明十三陵的主神道。

北京十三陵导游词 篇5

各位旅客朋友们:

大家好!

明十三陵是明朝皇帝的墓葬群,坐落在北京西北郊昌平区境内的燕山山麓的天寿山。总面积一百二十余平方公里,距离北京约五十公里。这里自永乐七年五月始作长陵,到明朝最后一帝崇祯葬入思陵止,其间230多年,先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太监墓。十三座皇陵均依山而筑,分别建在东、西、北三面的山麓上,形成了体系完整、规模宏大、气势磅礴的陵寝建筑群。明代术士认为,这里是“风水”胜境,绝佳“吉壤”。因此被明朝选为营建皇陵的“万年寿域”。

十三位皇帝陵墓分别为:长陵(成祖)、献陵(仁宗)、景陵(宣宗)、裕陵(英宗)、茂陵(宪宗)、泰陵(孝宗)、康陵(武宗)、永陵(世宗)、昭陵(穆宗)、定陵(神宗)、庆陵(光宗)、德陵(熹宗)、思陵(思宗)。景区已开放景点有长陵、定陵、昭陵、神路。

明十三陵全年适宜,但是春秋天气最佳,北京的春秋不冷不热,气候适中,是理想的旅游季节,尤其是秋季天高气爽,气候宜人。

明朝迁都北京后13位皇帝长眠于此,依山而筑,分别建在东、西、北三面的山麓上,形成了气势磅礴的陵寝建筑群,逝者去,陵犹在。

北京十三陵导游词 篇6

明十三陵位于北京市昌平区北部天寿山下,因明代迁都北京后,有十三位皇帝埋葬于此,故称十三陵。自明永乐七年(1409)开始建长陵,到清朝顺治初年建思陵,在方圆80平方公里的陵区范围内,共埋葬了明朝十三位皇帝,二十三位皇后,此外还有众多的嫔妃,太子,公主,丛葬宫女等。营建时间前后达200余年,形成了体系完整,规模宏大,气势磅礴的陵寝建筑群,也是世界上保存完整,埋葬皇帝较多的墓葬群。

明成祖朱棣选定在北京营造皇陵,主要有两个原因:首先,政治方面。北京是朱棣经营多年的根据地,所以自从他登基起,就计划者迁都北京,故而皇陵随之建在北京,也是顺理成章的事:其次,战略方面。明朝初年,蒙古等的残余势力逃到漠北,成为明朝北方的一个长期威胁。若身处南京,未免有些鞭长莫及,难以达到控制北方局势的目的。所以,朱棣迁都北京的同时在北京卜选陵址,是极具战略意图的举措,这对明朝疆域的巩固也的确起了非常重要的作用。朱棣的决策影响可谓深远。

永乐五年(公元l20xx年),永乐皇帝的皇后徐氏去世,朱棣命礼部,,工部及术士风水先生等人前往北京一带开始选择万年吉壤”。先后曾指定潭柘寺,燕家台,屠家营等处,朱棣都不满意。后来在江西术士廖均卿的推荐下,选中了昌平这块风水吉壤。整个陵区东,西,北三面群山如拱似屏,南面龙山,虎山分列左右,构成天然门户。陵区大宫门正好建在两山之间,门里是一片开阔的盆地。整个陵区以长陵位关键,以大宫门一一长陵一线为中轴线。北面以天寿山为镇山,东面有蟒山,西面有虎峪,正和风水左青龙,右白虎的说法。再加陵区内温榆河从西北蜿蜒流向东南,形成陵区的抱水,的确是一块风水宝地”。

自永乐七年(公元l420xx年)正式在此建长陵,到1644年明王朝灭亡,明十三陵的营造工程,历经了二百多年,从没间断。十三陵以时间先后,依次为:长陵,献陵,景陵,裕陵,茂陵,泰陵,康陵,永陵,昭陵,定陵,庆陵,德陵,思陵。除以上十三位皇帝外,陵内还葬有皇后23人,皇贵妃1人,及殉葬宫人数十人。另外还有7座妃坟园寝和1座太监墓。由于十三陵中的第一个陵是长陵一一永乐帝朱棣和皇后徐氏的合葬墓,因此长陵的中轴线也就是自然成为整个陵区的中轴线。

(今日十三陵)

1992年,在北京旅游世界之最”的评定中,专家学者对十三陵的判定语为世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群”。20xx年7月,明十三陵被联合国教科文组织列入《世界遗产名录》明清皇家陵寝的扩展项目。《世界遗产名录》对它的评价如下:明清皇家陵寝依照风水理论,精心选址,将数量众多的建筑物巧妙的安置于地下。它是人类改变自然的产物,体现了传统的建筑装饰思想,阐释了封建中国持续了500余年的世界观和权力观。”

(石牌坊)

石牌坊位于神道最南端,建于嘉靖十九年(公元l540年),是陵区的标志。石牌坊青白石料组装雕琢而成。体量巨大,其结构为五间六柱十一楼。其高14米,宽28.86米,是我国现存营造时间最早,建筑等级最高的大型仿木结构的石牌坊。牌坊的夹杆石,四面有浮雕,刻有八对狮子滚绣球和十六条云龙的图案。

(大红门)

大宫门是陵墓区的正门,俗称大红门”。门向南,分三洞,是陵区的总门户。它位于虎山,龙山之间一高岗上,距石牌坊1.25千米。门口左右立下马碑二方,正面刻有官员人等至此下马”八个字。当时奉旨官员到这里,文官下轿,武官下马,皆由步行进入陵区,否则以大不敬论罪。《大明律》还规定,陵区内一草一木都不得擅动,否则以谋毁山陵”论罪,且山岭内盗砍树木者斩,家属发配从军”。

(长陵神功圣德碑)

沿中轴线向北距大宫门0.6千米,就是长陵神功圣德碑碑亭。碑亭是重檐歇山式建筑,正方形,四面劈门,高约三丈,建于宣德十年(1435年)。亭内是明成祖永乐帝朱棣的神功胜德碑。碑身正面刻的是明成祖长子一一仁宗朱高炽撰写德神功胜德碑文,碑文有3000多字。碑的背面刻有的是乾隆五十年(公元1785年),清高宗撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》,详细记述了长陵,水陵,定陵,思陵几座陵墓的残破状况。碑东侧刻有清政府修明陵的花费记录。碑西侧刻有嘉庆九年(公元1820xx年),清仁宗论述明亡国的教训得失。长陵的神功胜德碑是十三陵唯一刻有碑文的陵碑,其他各陵碑都均没有刻字。

碑亭四隅各立一座高10.81米的汉白玉华表。这四座华表为墓前标志,也是附属碑亭的装饰性建筑。

大宫门后的大道叫神道,又称陵道。神道纵贯陵园南北,全长7.3公里,向北直达长陵陵门。在碑亭北侧,各有一列石雕群,统称石像生。在陵墓前设置石像生的仪制始于秦汉,以象征死者生前仪卫。此后历代君王沿用不绝,只是神兽形象和数量有所不同。

(石像生)

明十三陵的石像生沿用明孝陵的规制,但增加了4尊功臣像。长陵石像生以一对石望柱开始,其后800米的神道上排列有石兽12对,石人6对。石兽每种两对,狮子,獬豸(xiezhi),骆驼,麒麟,马,象,各四匹,两卧两立分左右排列在神道两侧。石狮的形象威武雄壮,凛然不可侵犯。陵前置狮子为镇物,用以驱区避邪;獬豸是传说中象征公平正义的神兽,它被认为能辨曲直”,有触不直者”的能力,在此也起着保护帝王的作用。骆驼为沙漠之舟,象征运输。大象聪明温和,力大无比,象征祥瑞,且帝王生前仪仗也多用大象。麒麟,是传说中的神兽,古人认为如有麒麟出现,则是帝王有圣德,天下太平的象征。在神道上设置麒麟有歌功颂德之意。石马多被置于陵墓前,原因是皇帝生前仪仗中必有仗马。石人6对,文臣,武臣,勋臣各四人,分别象征帝王朝会中的各级官员,将军和有功之臣。这些石声像建于宣德十年(公元1435年)。

(棂星门)

石声像的北端是一座玲珑别致的棂星门。古人认为圣殿之有棂星门,盖尊圣门如天门也”。故用棂星命名的门成为一种象征,比作天宫之门。此处棂星门为三开间,门上中间各饰有火焰珠宝,因此又俗称火焰牌坊”,也叫龙风门。

北京十三陵导游词 篇7

Dear friends, now I would like to introduce the Dingling mausoleum.Dingling mausoleum is the only mausoleum with underground palace opened amongthe Ming Tombs. It is the joint burial Mausoleum of the 13th emperor of MingDynasty Zhu Yijun and his two emperors Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. It is located infront of Dayu mountain of Tianshou mountain and was built in 1590 ad.

Zhu Yijun's year name is Wanli, which means to be emperor for 10000 years.Although it didn't come true, it also set a record for the Ming emperor, thatis, the emperor with the longest reign. Emperor Wanli succeeded to the throne atthe age of 10 and began to build his own mausoleum and underground palace at theage of 22. The whole project lasted six years and consumed more than 8 milliontaels of silver. During his 48 years in office, he almost ignored thegovernment, and was buried in the harem all day long. He was fond of drinkingand often killed people drunk. After his death, he was buried in Dingling.

Emperor Wanli had two empresses, empress Xiaoduan and empress Xiaojing.Empress Xiaojing was only a concubine when she died. According to theregulations of the Ming Dynasty, empress Xiaojing could not enter theunderground palace after her death, so she was buried in other places. After thecrown prince succeeded to the throne, he was granted the title of EmpressDowager Xiaojing. After the death of empress Xiaoduan and Emperor Wanli, empressXiaojing was moved to the underground palace. So there is a emperor and twoempresses buried in the underground palace. The underground palace of Dinglingwas opened in 1957, and more than 3000 cultural relics were unearthed, whichcaused a sensation all over the world.

At present, Dingling has become a national key scenic spot, a 4A scenicspot, and tourists from all over the world come to visit it every day.

The whole cemetery was originally composed of lingmen, Lingen men, Lingenhall, minglou, Baocheng, Baoding and the left and right side halls in front ofminglou. After nearly 500 years of life, the original Lingen gate and Lingenhall have been destroyed, only the base is left. Because the Ming tower ofDingling is made of stone and is not afraid of fire, it is still well preserved.Now let's take a look at the site of Lingen gate and Lingen hall.

Ladies and gentlemen, we are now standing at the site of Lingen Hall ofDingling. Now we can see the column foundation of the hall. Lingen hall is amain hall for sacrifice. Originally, there were tablets for emperors and queensin the hall. The Lingen gate and the Lingen Hall of the Dingling mausoleum wereburned when the Qing soldiers entered the pass. Later, Emperor Qianlongrenovated the Ming Tombs in order to attract the Han people, but mostly reducedthe scale.

It is said that Qianlong used the method of stealing beams and replacingpillars to transport the original coarse timber of the Ming Tombs to the westernand Eastern tombs of the Qing Dynasty, and rebuilt the Ming Tombs with smalltimber. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the regulation. Up to now, there isstill a popular saying that "Qianlong, unjust, demolished the great tombs andchanged the small Ming Tombs".

The first exhibition room mainly displays the relics unearthed from theemperor's coffin, including posthumous treasures, posthumous volumes, goldencrowns, jade belts, gold and silver vessels, silk fabrics, etc. The secondexhibition room mainly displays the cultural relics unearthed from the coffinsof the two queens, including Phoenix crowns, headdresses, gemstones and otherdaily necessities used in life. Now you can visit it free of charge. Pleasedon't take photos or video in the exhibition room. Thank you for yourcooperation. We will gather in front of minglou in ten minutes.

北京十三陵导游词 篇8

各位旅客朋友们:

大家好!

北京昌平县境内,有一处明代帝王陵墓群,即中外闻名的十三陵。在周围40公里的范围内,埋葬着明代13位帝王,23位皇后和众多的嫔妃、太子、公主、从葬宫女等。

(一)概况

明永乐五年(1407)朱棣的皇后徐氏去世。朱棣命礼部、工部及术士风鉴先生等人,在北京郊区寻找"吉壤"。先后曾指定潭柘寺、燕家台、屠家营等处,朱棣均不满意。后来江西术士廖均卿说,昌平北有吉壤,可做万年寿域,名黄土山,山前有龙、虎二山,形成一个小平原。朱棣视察后很满意,决定在此建造皇陵,改黄土山为天寿山。永乐七年(1409)正式建陵,到永乐十一年竣工,即长陵。明代历朝(除景泰帝外)皇帝陆续在此建陵。 明制规定,陵墓每年大祭三次(清明、中元、冬至),小祭四次(正旦、孟冬、生辰、逝日)。每次谒陵耗费巨大。十三陵地面上建筑曾几度遭到破坏,最严重的一次是清兵入关。明末清太祖崛起于东北,威胁明朝安全。有人说清兵之所以强盛与他的祖坟风水有关。他们(金人)的祖坟在房山,如捣毁,清兵即灭。天启皇帝于天启二年(1622)派人毁房山金陵,并建关帝庙镇之。清兵入关后,采取同样的报复手段,破坏了明陵。清乾隆五十年,为了拢络汉人,曾下令修缮明陵。民国时期,左右,当地豪绅争夺产权,明陵又遭破坏。

1陵墓区范围

墓区原有一道40公里长的围墙。红色围墙自南边的大宫门起,依山而筑,设有中山口、东山口、老君堂口、贤庄口、灰岭口、锥子口、雁子口、德胜口、西山口、榨子口等十个关口,各口驻兵把守。现在红墙已无,但从地名上看还能了解到当年的墓区范围。

2绷昴怪兄嵯

(1)石牌坊

石牌坊是陵区最南端的建筑。该坊五门六柱十一楼,高14米,宽2886米,建于嘉靖十九年(1540),是目前国内保存最大、最早的石坊。夹杆石四面有浮雕,刻有八对狮子滚绣球、十六条生龙,造型生动。

(2)大宫门

大宫门是陵墓区的正门。门分三洞,旁连40公里围墙。门前竖着"官员人等至此下马"碑。门内有数千军士守护,任何人不得闯入。当时规定"谋毁山陵者,以谋大逆论,不分首从,俱凌迟处死"。山陵内盗砍树木者斩,家属发往边疆充军。

(3)碑楼

该楼为重檐顶四出陛、楼内驮巨碑,即长陵的神功圣德碑,高三丈(该碑正式建立于宣德十年,即公元1435年)。正面为神功圣德碑文,3000余字,明成祖长子仁宗朱高炽撰。碑阴是乾隆五十年(1785),清高宗的《哀明陵三十韵》,详细地记录了长、永、定、思几座陵墓的残破情况。碑东侧是清政府修明陵的花费记录,西侧是嘉庆九年(1804)清仁宗论述明亡的原因。

(4)石象生

神路两侧有一组石雕群,24兽,12人,共18对,36个。包括狮子、獬豸、骆驼、麒麟、马、象各4匹,二卧二立。武臣、文臣、勋臣各4人。

(5)棂星门

棂星门俗称龙凤门,在此处有"天门"之意,门三道之间有短垣相隔。6根门柱形似华表,三门额坊中央雕有石刻火焰珠,故当地人又称其为火焰牌坊。 棂星门北有7孔汉白玉神桥一座,通往长陵陵门。

北京十三陵导游词 篇9

各位游客:

大家早上好!

今天上午我们游览位于北京昌平区的十三陵景区,大约需要50分钟的车程,利用这段时间给大家讲一讲十三陵的历史背景以及一些简要情况。

明永乐五年(1407年),皇后徐氏去世,朱棣派礼部尚书、风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”准备修建陵寝。直到明永乐七年(1409年)他们来到昌(chang)平才惊喜地发现这块雄浑的“龙脉”从太行山-燕山山脉而来,这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置,北方处于四象玄武方位的是高大的天寿山(镇山),东为一条形如奔越腾挪的龙山称蟒山,西为状似一只伏地警觉的猛虎称虎峪。在三山围成的小平原内还有“金水河”温榆河经过这里,真可以说是风水宝地,从此拉开了在天寿山脚下修建明皇陵寝的工程。现在这里已被联合国教科文组织列入《世界文化遗产名录》的全国重点风景名胜区,今天我们参观长陵和已被发掘定陵的地宫。

请司机把车开慢点,大家透过车窗往外看到一个石牌坊,这是陵区的标志。这个牌坊5间6柱11楼,全部用汉白玉雕砌,是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊。

好!目的地到了,请大家带好自己的随身物品,下车集合。

这座门叫大红门是陵墓区的正门,穿过正门我们脚下的这条道路就是十三陵的神道,这条神道随地形回转起伏,这是依据“风水”理论中有“生旺而弯环则吉,衰死硬直则凶”的说法,它是我国历代修建的帝王陵中最长的神道,全长有7.3千米。

往前看有一个碑亭,这就是长陵的神功颂德碑,圣德碑上为盘龙碑首,下为龟趺驮碑,通高7.91米,刻有“大明长陵神功圣德碑”,正面是长子朱高炽(chi)为其父撰写的4000多字颂德碑文,背面是在乾隆撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》,后又在碑之左侧刻御制诗一首,右侧刻清嘉庆御制文一篇,论述明王朝灭亡的原因。

过了碑亭,在800米的神道上排列着石兽12对、石人6对,叫做石像生。树立这些是为了体现帝王生前的仪仗和死后的尊严。

这是一座棂星门,也叫龙凤门,取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上,有三个火焰宝珠,所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。

呈现在我们眼前的这座宏伟建筑就是——长陵,它是明十三陵中规模最大、营建时间最长、保存最完好的一座陵墓。朱棣发动“靖难之役”夺得了皇位,改年号为永乐。在执政的22年中,勤于政务、不喜奢华,作了许多益事,主持编纂《永乐大典》,派郑和六下西洋,中国被收入《世界遗产名录》的文化古迹中有四处是朱棣开创基业的。长陵共占地10公顷,中轴线建筑有陵恩门,陵恩殿,明楼,宝城和宝顶。陵墓共有三进院,最具欣赏价值和文物价值的是位于二进院落中的陵恩殿,是十三陵中唯一保存完好的祾恩殿,祾恩的意思,是仿照紫禁城的太和殿的规制建成的,它面阔九间,进深五间,重檐庑殿顶,殿内有60根巨大楠木柱,中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上,是国内最好的楠木殿,用途是供奉帝后神位和举行谒(ye)陵祭祀活动的场所。

从殿后门出来就到达了第三进院落,长陵标志性的建筑——明楼,明楼内竖有石碑一块,上书:大明成祖文皇帝之陵,因为皇帝姓朱,所以碑身也都是用的朱砂红色。

接下来我们去定陵,在那里大家就可以参观到古代皇帝的地下宫殿了。 定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗万历朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖两位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊钧是明朝在位最久的皇帝,九岁登基后以万历十七年为界,分为两个阶段,前一段有大臣张居正的辅佐,国家的各方面都有很大发展,大有中兴大明之势。张居正病逝后,他像换了一个人, 28年不理朝政,导致国家几乎停摆。后人评论,其实明朝灭亡的命运,在万历皇帝时就已经成为定局了。朱翊钧一生中作过一件值得称道的事情就是万历二十年至二十七年决定了“抗日援朝”战争,巩固了中朝关系。

定陵是十三陵中的第三大陵,建筑规制去祖父世宗永陵,宝城前面的建筑在战火中被毁,从仅存的须弥座台基上可以想见当年的规模。在前面的陈列室里,陈列展出的都是定陵出土的国宝级的文物,都非常精美,各位可以一饱眼福,30分钟后我们在门口集合。

现在我们来到了定陵的宝城,直径230米,宝城正中为重檐歇山顶的明楼,是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑。在明楼内立6.19米高的石碑,额书“大明”,碑文为“神宗显皇帝之陵”。宝城中间的大土丘叫做宝顶,其实就是坟头。

大家随我从左侧的通道进入地宫。定陵地宫的挖掘工作是从1956年5月开始的,1958年结束。最开始发掘人员是发现了宝城西南侧墙上露出了一处券门,于是就正对着券门开了第一条探沟,探沟见底后发现了用城砖砌成的隧道。沿着隧道指示的方向在明楼后正对宝顶的方向开了第二条探沟,在这条探沟中碰到了刻有“此石至金刚墙前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑,这块石碑就是指示方向用的标志,因为定陵是皇帝生前建造的,完工后必须将地宫用土封上以待帝后。沿着石碑指示的方向,又开了第三条探沟,最终找到了石隧道,并且发现了金刚墙,将其上的金刚门拆开,即进入了地宫的隧道券,在西侧正中有两扇汉白玉的石门,从里边顶着“自来石”,发掘人员用铁棍把自来石从地面凹槽撬起,然后用铅丝套住并让它顶在其中一扇门后,另一扇门就可以打开了,沉睡了300多年的定陵地宫被打开了。

整个建筑的用料都是砖石,礼制上是仿明堂的“九重法宫”制,分为前室、中室、后室和左右室五个殿。我们现在所处的位置是前室,也叫前殿,打开时在只有地面上的一层黄松木板直通后殿,在木板上可以清晰地看到运送棺椁的车辙。

再往前走就是中殿了,它位于前后左右四室中央,地面铺以细料方砖,据说这种砖会越擦越亮的。殿中陈设有汉白玉石神座,它的样式和皇帝生前宝座是一样的,神座靠背和扶手雕有龙头,两位皇后的神座雕有凤头。在三个宝座之前,设有祭祀用具黄琉璃五供,包括一个香炉,两个烛台,两个花瓶,神座前各有青花云龙大瓷缸,缸中原来盛有香油,里边放有灯芯,叫做长明灯。

这座富丽堂皇的地宫就是后殿,又称皇堂,是地宫中最大的一个殿,地面铺设的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿正中设有须弥座式、面铺花斑石、镶有汉白玉石边的棺床一座,中央有一方孔,中间填的是黄土,是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土,叫做金井。棺床的上安放有万历皇帝和两位皇后的棺椁,还有装随葬品26箱,万历皇帝为自己设计了明清两代最高等级的葬礼——金井玉葬。

按照皇帝陵寝的规置是一帝一后,后殿只安放皇帝棺椁,皇后的棺椁应在左右配殿,为什么定陵一帝二后?左右配殿没有任何的陈设,两位皇后的棺椁却在后殿?先说他的二后:孝端是朱翊钧的正宫皇后,后与他没有孩子。孝靖皇后是万历皇帝母亲身边的宫女王氏,万历为母请安私幸,巧的是王氏就为万历生下了嫡长子,就是后来的“一月天子”朱常洛,死后万历才封她为贵妃,简称孝靖。她比朱翊钧早死九年,被埋在东井左侧平冈地,之孙朱由校继位后才追封为太皇太后。为什么合葬在一起呢?根据专家推测:在万历四十八年的时候,先是孝端皇后病逝,三个月后万历皇帝去世,而他的儿子朱常洛也在即位29天后就死于红丸案。刚刚即位的16岁皇帝朱由校眼前有三个葬礼、还有亲奶奶的移灵,这么巨大的任务都压在他身上,所以准备工作十分的仓促。而且当时正好是雨季,安放皇后的配殿不方便打开,于是皇帝皇后的棺椁就都从正门进去了。可是到了地宫发现配殿的甬道太窄了,皇后的棺椁进不去,所以只好将它们一并放入了后殿当中。

走出地宫后我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了,相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹,希望我的讲解能给各位留下深刻的印象,领略我国古代的文明。

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